Integrated Evaluation and the Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Semi-Wild Cotton under Complex Salt-Alkali Stress

[Objective] The genetic diversity of semi-wild cotton was abundant, so more new elite resistant genes could be found and applied to improve the resistance of cotton. The aim of this study was to primarily study on the regulation of response to salt-alkali stress, explore the method of integrated evaluation and characterize the resistance of semi-wild cotton. [Method] Four semi-wild and two cultivated Gossypium hirsutum accessions were evaluated for phonotypical, physiological and biochemical traits under alkali-salt versus normal conditions in hydroponic solutions. The alkali-salt tolerance was determined based on principal component analysis, cluster analysis, correlation analysis, grey rational analysis and analysis of variance. [Result] On the basis of the overall results, the alkali-salt stress tolerance of the six accessions was ranked as: Marie-galante85 > Latifolium32 > CRI16 > CRI12 > Latifolium40 > Latifolium130. Roots were found to be the most important responsive systems to complex alkali-salt stress. At seedling growth stage, the active scavenging system played a crucial role in response to alkali-salt stress. In addition, the salt tolerant and salt sensitive accessions showed different response tends towards leaf peroxidase, root ascorbate peroxidase and root catalase within 48 h, suggesting the accessions have different levels of response to salt stress. [Conclusion]Our study identified the most alkali-salt tolerant accessions and provided basic concept of complex alkali-salt tolerance mechanism within cotton accessions. And, our study provided a simple and rapid, highly accurate and precise method for evaluating salt resistance of cotton, and proved that the balance of ROS system play an important role in response to salt-alkali stress. Hence, mining of salt tolerant genes from these accessions may facilitate the development of novel salt tolerant variety.     

三种因素对海水生物流化床启动期间营养盐去除及amoA基因表达的影响

在实验室规模下,以旋转式生物流化床(CB-FSB)为研究对象,研究了初始总氨氮(TAN)、水温及滤料膨胀率3种条件下,海水生物流化床生物过滤功能启动期间TAN和亚硝酸盐氮(NO-2-N)去除及amoA基因数量的变化。结果显示:生物流化床生物过滤功能启动所需时间随着水温的升高而缩短,在水温为15℃、20℃和25℃时,启动所需时间分别为27 d、25 d和23 d;初始TAN质量浓度的升高也会缩短生物流化床生物过滤功能启动所需要的时间,在初始TAN质量浓度为1 mg/L、2 mg/L、4 mg/L时,启动所需时间分别为24 d、22 d和21 d;在膨胀率为100%和150%时,启动所需时间无明显差别,分别为21 d和20 d,明显好于膨胀率为50%时启动所需时间27 d;amoA基因的数量变化与TAN去除率的变化有一定的相关性,并随着初始TAN浓度的升高而增多,在4 mg/L时数量最多,达到2.76×10~7copies/g。     

Effect of Salt Concentration and Extremely Halophilic Archaea on the Safety and Quality Characteristics of Traditional Salted Anchovies

Extremely halophilic archaea (EHA) might play an important role in salted fish production. So far, limited information has been available on the effect of EHA and salt concentration on the safety and quality characteristics of salted anchovies. Eight Halobacterium salinarum strains were isolated from different sea salt samples and subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterization. The strains were then inoculated into fresh salt before addition to anchovies. A total of 18 experimental productions were performed. The inoculated trials showed the lowest counts of undesired microorganisms. In particular, salted anchovies produced with Hbt. salinarum H11 showed the lowest histamine concentration as well as the highest sensory scores. Differences in terms of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were estimated among trials. Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that experimental production performed with a reduced amount of salt (175 g of sea salt per kg of anchovies) did not affect the final quality of salted anchovies. The strain Hbt. salinarum H11 produced salted anchovies with well-appreciated organoleptic features. Thus, the addition of EHA and the use of a lower amount of sea salt might represent a valuable alternative to the traditional method for production of salted anchovies.     

One-time fertilization at first flowering improves lint yield and dry matter partitioning in late planted short-season cotton

Cotton producers have substantially reduced their inputs(labor, nutrients, and management) mainly by adopting a shortseason cropping management that is characterized by late sowing, high density, and reduced fertilization with one-time application at the first bloom stage without lint yield reduction. However, it has been hypothesized that one-time fertilization at an earlier growth stage could be a more effective and economic management practice. A two-year field experiment was conducted by applying five fertilizer one-time fertilization at 0(FT1), 5(FT2), 10(FT3), 15(FT4), and 20(FT5) days after the first flower appeared in the field and one three-split fertilizer application taken as the conventional control(FT6), making six treatments altogether. Cotton growth period, biomass accumulation, yield, and its formation were quantified. The results showed that the one-time fertilization did not affect the cotton growth progress as compared to FT6, however, the total crop cycles for FT3–FT5 were 3 days shorter. FT1 produced the highest cotton lint yield(1 396 kg ha–1), which was similar to the FT6 but higher than the other treatments, and could be attributed to more bolls per unit area and higher lint percentage. Cotton yield was positively correlated with cotton plant biomass accumulated. FT1 had both the highest average(VT)(193.7 kg ha–1 d–1) and the highest maximum(VM)(220.9 kg ha–1 d–1) rates during the fast biomass accumulation period. These results suggest that one-time fertilizer application at the first flower stage might be an adjustment that is more effective than at first bloom, and allowed for easier decision making for application date due to non counting of plants with flowers is needed.     

Effects of post-silking water deficit on the leaf photosynthesis and senescence of waxy maize

Waxy maize is widely cultivated under rainfed conditions and frequently suffers water shortage during the late growth stage. In this study, a pot trial was conducted to examine the effects of post-silking drought on leaf photosynthesis and senescence and its influence on grain yield. Two waxy maize hybrids, Suyunuo 5(SYN5) and Yunuo 7(YN7), were grown under the control and drought(soil moisture content was 70–80% and 50–60%, respectively) conditions after silking in 2016 and 2017. The decrease in yield was 11.1 and 15.4% for YN7 and SYN5, respectively, owing to the decreased grain weight and number. Post-silking dry matter accumulation was reduced by 27.2% in YN7 and 26.3% in SYN5. The contribution rate of pre-silking photoassimilates transferred to grain yield was increased by 15.6% in YN7 and 10.2% in SYN5, respectively. Post-silking drought increased the malondialdehyde content, but decreased the contents of water, soluble protein, chlorophyll, and carotenoid in the leaves. The weakened activities of enzymes involved in photosynthesis(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) and antioxidant system(catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) reduced the photosynthetic rate(P_n) and accelerated leaf senescence. The correlation results indicated that reduced Pn and catalase activity and increased malondialdehyde content under drought conditions induced the decrease of post-silking photoassimilates deposition, ultimately resulted in the grain yield loss.     

池塘养殖条件下当年口虾蛄生长特性的研究

为了了解口虾蛄在池塘养殖条件下的生长规律,并为其规模化生产提供科学依据。在水温15℃~31℃条件下,通过测量体重、体长等指标,对当年口虾蛄的生长特性进行了研究。结果表明:（1）30日龄口虾蛄经100天培育后,体长从(8.20 ± 0.45)cm增至(11.79 ± 0.67)cm,日均增长0.036 cm,体重从(7.14 ± 1.17)g增至(20.54 ± 3.44)g,日均增重0.134 g。（2）当年口虾蛄的体重与体长的拟合方程为W=0.016L^2.879(R²=0.978),其b值接近于3;体长、体重与养殖日龄的最佳方程均为指数函数。（3）当年口虾蛄的肥满度在30日龄时最高,90日龄最低,肥满度与养殖水温没有明显相关关系;在水温23℃以上时,口虾蛄的瞬时增长率、瞬时增重率指标逐渐升高并在90日龄达到最大值。综上所述,口虾蛄在池塘养殖条件下生长效果良好,其体长与体重的生长基本同步,适宜进行规模化人工养殖。     

盐胁迫对羽衣甘蓝种子萌发的影响

为探明盐胁迫对羽衣甘蓝种子萌发特性的影响，明确种子萌发期对盐胁迫的耐受能力，本试验以羽衣甘蓝种子为试验材料，研究不同浓度的NaCL（0、40、80、120、160、200mmol/l）和NaHCO（3 0、20、30、40、50、60mmol/l）对种子萌发胁迫的作用。结果表明:1、2 种盐胁迫处理下，羽衣甘蓝种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数等指标均随着盐浓度的升高逐渐降低；2、高浓度的NaHCO³盐溶液对羽衣甘蓝种子的胚根、胚芽的生长抑制较NaCL 盐溶液显著；3、2 种盐     

盐胁迫对刺榆种子萌发及幼苗生理特征的影响

为了研究刺榆种子及幼苗对盐胁迫的响应，采用培养皿纸上发芽法进行种子萌发并采用盆栽法进行幼苗培养，测定刺榆种子在不同浓度NaCl、Na2SO4、Na2CO3和NaHCO3处理下的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、相对盐害率，及幼苗丙二醛（malondialdehyde，MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase，SOD）及过氧化物酶（peroxidase，POD）变化规律。结果显示：①在试验设置盐浓度范围内，刺榆种子在NaCl＜30 mmol·L-1、Na2CO3＜10 mmol·L-1、Na2SO4＜20 mmol·L-1、NaHCO3＜20 mmol·L-1的盐胁迫下能够正常发芽，碱性盐（NaHCO3和Na2CO3）的危害大于中性盐（NaCl和Na2SO4）。②刺榆种子的相对盐害率均为正值，4种盐均存在不同程度的种子萌发抑制，不同种类盐分对刺榆种子萌发抑制表现为NaCl＜Na2SO4＜NaHCO3＜Na2CO3。③幼苗生长中，不同处理幼苗叶片内MDA含量呈逐渐上升的趋势，SOD活性和POD活性随浓度的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势。但当NaCl＜30 mmol·L-1、Na2CO3＜10 mmol·L-1、Na2SO4＜10 mmol·L-1、NaHCO3＜20 mmol·L-1时，刺榆幼苗内MDA含量和保护酶活性未发生显著变化。研究表明刺榆种子萌发与幼苗生长对低浓度盐环境具有一定的耐受性，高浓度盐环境会使种子丧失发芽能力阻碍幼苗生长。结果为刺榆在盐碱地的种植和推广提供理论依据。     

NaCl胁迫对葡萄砧木光合特性与叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为探究葡萄（Vitis sp.）砧木对盐胁迫的响应机制，以耐盐葡萄砧木品种101-14M（V. riparia×V. rupestris）和盐敏感品种188-08（V. berlandieri × V. riparia）的一年生苗为试材，比较研究了0、4、6、8、10 g·kg-1的NaCl胁迫对2种砧木叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：随着盐浓度升高，净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度和蒸腾速率显著下降，同时最大荧光产量、最大光化学效率、实际光化学效率和光化学淬灭系数也呈下降趋势，初始荧光产量、非光化学淬灭系数和叶绿素含量表现为先升高后降低。在6 g·kg-1 NaCl胁迫下，188-08光合速率降低主因由气孔限制转向叶绿素限制，并在8 g·kg-1 NaCl胁迫下PSⅡ受到严重损伤；而101-14M叶片在8 g·kg-1盐胁迫下主要因叶绿素限制造成光合受限，并在10 g·kg-1盐胁迫下PSⅡ反应中心遭受损伤。     

c-GMP诱导对盐胁迫下番茄的转录组分析

以市场常见的番茄为材料,采用Illumina高通量测序技术对NaCl胁迫、c-GMP诱导以及两者组合处理下番茄幼苗进行转录组测序。结果表明:共获得83.35 Gb的原始数据,Q30碱基百分比在90.91%及以上,分别将各样品的原始读数与指定的参考基因组进行序列比对,比对效率从88.03%到92.74%不等。同时将得到的31 734条序列注释到不同的数据库(GO、KEGG、KOG、NR、Pfam、Swiss-Prot和egg NOG),通过GO数据库,将其划分到细胞组分、分子功能以及生物学过程三大注释类别下的51个亚功能组中,通过COG数据库与KEGG数据库将其分别注释到25个类别与128个代谢通路。在NaCl胁迫、c-GMP诱导以及两者组合处理下共发现SNP位点127 944个,其中仅有22.6%的SNP位点位于非编码区。差异基因结果显示,c-GMP能诱导盐胁迫下更多基因的表达。该转录组测序数据可靠,结果覆盖面广,为番茄c-GMP诱导盐胁迫下基因挖掘与功能研究提供了理论依据。